armed conflict epidemiology methodology spatial

Received: AugAccepted: JPublished: July 21, 2021Ĭopyright: © 2021 Ramírez-Aldana et al. PLoS ONE 16(7):Įditor: Agricola Odoi, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, UNITED STATES Additionally, the strength of the association between some spatial predictors and the COVID-19 fatality risk varied by zone.Ĭitation: Ramírez-Aldana R, Gomez-Verjan JC, Bello-Chavolla OY, García-Peña C (2021) Spatial epidemiological study of the distribution, clustering, and risk factors associated with early COVID-19 mortality in Mexico. Geographically, Quintana Roo, Baja California, Chihuahua, and Tabasco (until April 2020) had higher MRt and standardized mortality ratios, suggesting that risks in these states were above what was nationally expected. In contrast, the percentage of individuals in the age group between 10 to 39 years had a negative association with MRt. As an indirect measure of urbanicity, population density, and overcrowding in households, the physicians-to-population ratio has the highest positive association with MRt. When analyzing Mexico as a whole, we identified that both the percentages of external and internal migration had positive associations with early COVID-19 mortality risk with external migration having the second-highest positive association.

Among health-related variables, diabetes and obesity were positively associated with COVID-19 fatality. Firstly, to evaluate how mortality risk from COVID-19 among tested individuals (MRt) is geographically distributed and secondly, to analyze the association of spatial predictors of MRt across different states in Mexico, controlling for the severity of the disease. Thus, in the present study, we aimed to perform an early spatial epidemiological analysis for the COVID-19 outbreak in Mexico. The course of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico has led to many fatal cases in younger patients attributable to cardio-metabolic conditions. SARS-CoV-2 is highly lethal in older adults (>65 years old) and in cases with underlying medical conditions, including chronic respiratory diseases, immunosuppression, and cardio-metabolic diseases, including severe obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. COVID-19 is a respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, which has significantly impacted economic and public healthcare systems worldwide.

Armed conflict epidemiology methodology spatial